![]() On the one hand, the tree’s water requirements are determined by the transpiration of the canopy leaves, which is the vaporization of liquid water contained in plant tissues into the atmosphere, predominantly through the stomata. Unfortunately, there is no simple way to distinguish between these two processes. ![]() Guidance documents for irrigation management in agriculture, such as FAO 56, use evapotranspiration, a concept that combines evaporation and transpiration, two phenomena that occur simultaneously. Moreover, as in other crops, it is essential to estimate the canopy volume since it determines the amount of solar radiation that the canopy intercepts, which is directly related to transpiration. Tree-crown size influences the quality of pistachio nuts since canopy volume affects the crop load, impacting the fruit set and ovary growth, leading to embryo development disorders, and leaving the nut empty. Further research is needed to verify whether these results can be extrapolated to other woody crops. Moreover, the method is compatible with other remote sensing techniques, usually performed at solar noon, so UAV operators can plan a flexible working day. ![]() The proposed methodologies show potential benefits for accurately monitoring the vegetation of the trees. The results show statistically significant linear relationships ( p 0.8 (pixel-based classification) and R 2 > 0.9 (OBIA). The second step is based on measuring vegetation planar area and ground shadows using two methodological approaches: a pixel-based classification approach and an OBIA (object-based image analysis) approach. The first step is based on adequately planning the UAV (unmanned aerial vehicle) flight according to light conditions and segmenting the RGB (Red, Green, Blue) imagery using machine learning methods. The present study focuses on developing a new, fast, and low-cost technique, based on two main steps, for estimating the canopy volume in pistachio trees. Therefore, methods for rapid tree canopy characterization are needed for providing accurate information that can be used for management decisions. However, canopy/crown monitoring is time-consuming and labor-intensive, as it is traditionally carried out by measuring tree dimensions in the field. In pistachio trees, as in other woody crops, the volume of the canopy is a key factor that affects the pistachio crop load, water requirements, and quality. Interest in pistachios has increased in recent years due to their healthy nutritional profile and high profitability.
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